WINDOW MATERIALS
On most systems, both the outer vacuum housing (warm) and inner radiation shield (cold) windows may be easily replaced by the user within minutes. A variety of optical materials are available for different wavelengths and applications. The standard option is a VIS-NIR (400-1000nm) with Anti-Reflective (AR) coating.
The size of and number of optical windows is determined by the outer housing configuration – please refer to your system specifications for window sizing and quantities. Check out our How to Guide on Removing and Replacing Windows and our Window Buyers Guide for more information on changing out your windows.
| Window Substrate | Wavelength | Application Notes |
|---|---|---|
|
400 – 1000nm
|
Standard windows
|
|
|
200 – 2000nm
|
||
|
350nm – 2µm
|
||
|
300nm – 4µm
|
Birefringent! | |
|
200nm – 8µm
|
||
|
250nm – 26µm
|
Hygroscopic | |
|
Germanium (Ge)
|
3 – 12µm
|
|
|
1.2 – 7µm
|
||
|
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
|
300nm – 10µm
|
Water-soluble! |
|
Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) uncoated
|
0.7 – 20µm
|
Only 70% transmission |
|
3 – 12µm
|
Only 95% transmission | |
|
80µm – 2mm
|
for THz work, 80% transmission | |
|
100µm – 1mm
|
for THz work, 55% transmission | |
|
100µm – 1mm
|
for THz work, minimal birefringence | |
| Spectrosil 2000 | 190 – 2000nm | deep UV, fluorescence |
| BaF2 | 3 – 5µm | ultraviolet transmission |
| for X-Ray work | ||
| Other | user specified |
Not all windows are available in all sizes. Typical sizes required are 50mm, 30mm, and 20mm. The low working distance option has a very thin window and can be coated fused silica, BK7, or sapphire.
Fused Silica (Uncoated/Coated)
Made from UV-grade synthetic fused silica. Applications include laser set-ups (i.e. at Brewster’s angle), emitter/detector protection devices (such as in spectrophotometers), and imaging systems involving ultraviolet wavelengths. These windows are typically used for both the inner and outer windows of the sample chamber unless specified otherwise. Figure 1 below is a transmission curve for the uncoated substrate. This standard substrate is available with various anti-reflection coatings. These coatings reduce the surface losses at these wavelengths. The curves in Figure 2 indicate the coated surface losses. You can estimate transmission by doubling these curves and subtracting from 100%. Outside these bands, the transmission of a coated surface is not predictable.
FILES
Specifications
| Sparrow Quantum Single-Photon Chip | ||
|---|---|---|
| Waveguide mode coupling efficiency (β factor) |
90-98% | |
| Single-photon purity (1-g(2)(0)) | >95% | |
| Second order coherence (g(2)(0)) | < 0.1 | |
| Single-photon coherence (Indistinguishability) |
>60% | |
| First-lens efficiency | 300 ks-1 | |
| Emission wavelength (ground state) | 910 – 950 nm | |
| Excitation wavelength | 800 – 960 nm | |
| Excitation power (single photon regime) | 1 – 4000 nW | |
| Excitation pulse length | 1 – 100 ps | |
| Operating temperature | < 15 K | |
| Decay time (typical) | 1 ns | |
| Chip Dimensions (mm) | 4 x 2 x 0.5 (w x d x h) | |
| Custom Nanophotonic Chip (no QDs) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wavelength range | 90-98% | |
| Feature roughness | >95% | |
| Maximum structure size | < 0.1 | |
| Minimum feature size | >60% | |
| Chip dimensions (mm) | 300 ks-1 | |
Roadmap for Chip Improvement
- Improved fiber-coupling efficiency
- 8 Mhz photon rate in fiber; see Optica Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 178-184 (2017)
- Improved single-photon indistinguishability
- 62% visibility achieved by chip platform; see arXiv:1701.08131
Highlights
Sparrow Quantum single-photon chips are produced in a world-leading nanofab facility and feature advanced planar
AIGaAs membrane photonic technology. The chips offer a flexible platform for nanophotonic experiments.
- Highest internal efficiency, future-proof roadmap based on planar photonic technology
- Excellent device quality
- Optimized output coupling
- Wide range of customization options in chip design
- Compatible with cryo-integrated turn-key single-photon source (SPARK)
Applications
The chips have applicability well beyond single-photon
sources:
- Next-generation quantum cryptography
- Multi-photon generation
- Photonic quantum gates
- Fundamental quantum optics
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